There are five fluorescent control liposome products (Fluoroliposome) for Clodrosome (clodronate liposomes). All five fluorescent liposomes incorporate a lipophilic dye inside their membranes. They are insoluble in water; however, their fluorescence is easily detected when incorporated into membranes. DiI, DiO, DiD, DiR and DiA cover a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths from 300s to 900s. DiI and DiO have fluorescence excitation and emission maxima separated by about 65 nm, facilitating two-color labeling. The emission spectrum of DiA is very broad, allowing it to be detected as green, orange or even red fluorescence depending on the optical filter used. DiI, DiO, DiD and DiR belong to the dialkylcarbocyanines family of compounds. The spectral properties of the dialkylcarbocyanines are largely independent of the lengths of the alkyl chains. Instead, they are determined by the heteroatoms in the terminal ring systems and the length of the connecting bridge. They have extremely high extinction coefficients, moderate fluorescence quantum yields and short excited state lifetimes in lipid environments (~1 ns). The fluorescence spectrum of each dye is shown below. You can choose the Fluoroliposome based on the type of the fluorescent equipment and filters that you use in your lab. Clodronate liposomes cannot be made fluorescent simply due to the potential for inaccurate and/or uninterpretable data being generated by labelled Clodrosome. For more information, please refer to the technical note section.

There are five fluorescent control liposome products (Fluoroliposome) for Clodrosome (clodronate liposomes). All five fluorescent liposomes incorporate a lipophilic dye inside their membranes. They are insoluble in water; however, their fluorescence is easily detected when incorporated into membranes. DiI, DiO, DiD, DiR and DiA cover a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths from 300s to 900s. DiI and DiO have fluorescence excitation and emission maxima separated by about 65 nm, facilitating two-color labeling. The emission spectrum of DiA is very broad, allowing it to be detected as green, orange or even red fluorescence depending on the optical filter used. DiI, DiO, DiD and DiR belong to the dialkylcarbocyanines family of compounds. The spectral properties of the dialkylcarbocyanines are largely independent of the lengths of the alkyl chains. Instead, they are determined by the heteroatoms in the terminal ring systems and the length of the connecting bridge. They have extremely high extinction coefficients, moderate fluorescence quantum yields and short excited state lifetimes in lipid environments (~1 ns). The fluorescence spectrum of each dye is shown below. You can choose the Fluoroliposome based on the type of the fluorescent equipment and filters that you use in your lab. Clodronate liposomes cannot be made fluorescent simply due to the potential for inaccurate and/or uninterpretable data being generated by labelled Clodrosome. For more information, please refer to the technical note section.

There are five fluorescent control liposome products (Fluoroliposome) for Clodrosome (clodronate liposomes). All five fluorescent liposomes incorporate a lipophilic dye inside their membranes. They are insoluble in water; however, their fluorescence is easily detected when incorporated into membranes. DiI, DiO, DiD, DiR and DiA cover a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths from 300s to 900s. DiI and DiO have fluorescence excitation and emission maxima separated by about 65 nm, facilitating two-color labeling. The emission spectrum of DiA is very broad, allowing it to be detected as green, orange or even red fluorescence depending on the optical filter used. DiI, DiO, DiD and DiR belong to the dialkylcarbocyanines family of compounds. The spectral properties of the dialkylcarbocyanines are largely independent of the lengths of the alkyl chains. Instead, they are determined by the heteroatoms in the terminal ring systems and the length of the connecting bridge. They have extremely high extinction coefficients, moderate fluorescence quantum yields and short excited state lifetimes in lipid environments (~1 ns). The fluorescence spectrum of each dye is shown below. You can choose the Fluoroliposome based on the type of the fluorescent equipment and filters that you use in your lab. Clodronate liposomes cannot be made fluorescent simply due to the potential for inaccurate and/or uninterpretable data being generated by labelled Clodrosome. For more information, please refer to the technical note section.

There are five fluorescent control liposome products (Fluoroliposome) for Clodrosome (clodronate liposomes). All five fluorescent liposomes incorporate a lipophilic dye inside their membranes. They are insoluble in water; however, their fluorescence is easily detected when incorporated into membranes. DiI, DiO, DiD, DiR and DiA cover a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths from 300s to 900s. DiI and DiO have fluorescence excitation and emission maxima separated by about 65 nm, facilitating two-color labeling. The emission spectrum of DiA is very broad, allowing it to be detected as green, orange or even red fluorescence depending on the optical filter used. DiI, DiO, DiD and DiR belong to the dialkylcarbocyanines family of compounds. The spectral properties of the dialkylcarbocyanines are largely independent of the lengths of the alkyl chains. Instead, they are determined by the heteroatoms in the terminal ring systems and the length of the connecting bridge. They have extremely high extinction coefficients, moderate fluorescence quantum yields and short excited state lifetimes in lipid environments (~1 ns). The fluorescence spectrum of each dye is shown below. You can choose the Fluoroliposome based on the type of the fluorescent equipment and filters that you use in your lab. Clodronate liposomes cannot be made fluorescent simply due to the potential for inaccurate and/or uninterpretable data being generated by labelled Clodrosome. For more information, please refer to the technical note section.

Macrophage depletion kits are composed of two vials; one vial of Clodrosome (Clodronate liposomes) and one vial of Encapsome (control liposomes containing no drug). The volume of the macrophage depletion kit represents the volume of each reagent individually. For example, the 5-ml macrophage depletion kit means 5 ml of Clodrosome and 5 ml of Encapsome. Each reagent in the kit can also be purchased individually. Clodrosome is a multilamellar liposome suspension in which clodronate is encapsulated in the aqueous compartments of the liposomes. Encapsome is formulated and prepared identically to Clodrosome except that clodronate is not added to the liposomes. The liposomes are filtered through 2 μm polycarbonate membranes to ensure that the larger particles, which may be toxic to animals, are removed from the suspension. Both are prepared and packaged under sterile conditions. When animals or cells are treated with Clodrosome, phagocytic cells recognize the liposomes as invading foreign particles and proceed to remove the liposomes from the local tissue or serum via phagocytosis. The liposomes then release clodronate into the cytosol, resulting in cell death. Non-encapsulated clodronate cannot cross the cell membrane to initiate cell death. Control liposomes (Encapsome) are recognized and phagocytosed by the same mechanism as Clodrosome. Since the control liposomes do not contain clodronate, the phagocytic cells are not killed. However, phagocytes do respond to the ingestion of control liposomes by cytokine secretion, temporary suspension of phagocytic activity and other responses described in the literature. m-Clodrosome and m-Encapsome are mannosylated reagents that are specifically formulated to efficiently target the macrophages in central nervous systems and macrophages that contain more mannose receptors. For more information about these reagent see here. Fluorescent liposomes (Fluoroliposome) suitable for macrophage targeting and tracking are available. They can contain five different fluorescent dyes (DiA, DiD, DiI, DiO and DiR), which covers the entire spectrum. Fluorescent liposomes come in standard and mannosylated form.